Digital Fortress Chapter 33

Tokugen Numataka stared out his window and paced like a caged animal. He had not yet heard from his contact, North Dakota. Damn Americans! No sense of punctuality! He would have called North Dakota himself, but he didn't have a phone number for him. Numataka hated doing business this way-with someone else in control. The thought had crossed Numataka's mind from the beginning that the calls from North Dakota could be a hoax-a Japanese competitor playing him for the fool. Now the old doubts were coming back. Numataka decided he needed more information. He burst from his office and took a left down Numatech's main hallway. His employees bowed reverently as he stormed past. Numataka knew better than to believe they actually loved him-bowing was a courtesy Japanese employees offered even the most ruthless of bosses. Numataka went directly to the company's main switchboard. All calls were handled by a single operator on a Corenco 2000, twelve-line switchboard terminal. The woman was busy but stood and bowed as Numataka entered. â€Å"Sit down,† he snapped. She obeyed. â€Å"I received a call at four forty-five on my personal line today. Can you tell me where it came from?† Numataka kicked himself for not having done this earlier. The operator swallowed nervously. â€Å"We don't have caller identification on this machine, sir. But I can contact the phone company. I'm sure they can help.† Numataka had no doubt the phone company could help. In this digital age, privacy had become a thing of the past; there was a record of everything. Phone companies could tell you exactly who had called you and how long you'd spoken. â€Å"Do it,† he commanded. â€Å"Let me know what you find out.†

Attitudes Towards Women In World War II Essay

1. Source C is written by a Historian, this means that she will have had a long time to gather together her facts, and write using a variety of sources. This will give the source more depth, and it could also include information from more than one source. However, it is written by a woman, who is commenting on the history of women, so it could therefore be slightly bias. This woman could be writing to prove a point, or get recognition for women (i.e. for a feminist movement). On the other hand, source D was a speech made by the Deputy Prime minister of Britain in 1942. It is highly likely that this speech would have been used as a form of propaganda in Britain to keep the moral of women up during the war. They needed to do this to encourage the women to sign up to work in the factories, as the men were away fighting on the battlefields. It is evident in the tone of the source that the government were falsely praising the women to keep them happy. It was a very dull job, and they were trying to make the work they did sound positive, ‘preformed with dead accuracy by girls..’ It is evident that in source C the author is analysing the source, and giving her opinion. ‘Such derogatory remarks†¦.’ It seems that she is giving a very opposed opinion to the magazine article she is commenting on, and all the information that this gives the reader is her opinion of they way women were portrayed at that time. Despite the fact that we do get some quotes from the source she is analysing, we are only given the selection she chooses, and she has chosen those particular parts to back up her opinion. It does appear that women were depicted during the Second World War as ’empty-headed frivolous creatures.’ However, this is only part of the source, and we cannot get the full picture, as the author has picked out certain parts to back up her opinion. The original might depict a different opinion, but we are unable to find that, as we are not given that here in source C. Source D gives us the impression that women were viewed as very skilled, and they could pick up things very quickly, ‘precise engineering jobs†¦ would have made a skilled turners hair stand on end are preformed with dead accuracy by girls who had no industrial experience.’ However this seems very strange, because the general opinion by men during the Second World War was that women were un-skilled and should stay in the home, so it appears that the government were lying to women (i.e. propaganda) so that they could fill in the jobs for men when they were away. The speech was made at the peak of the war, and it would have been crucial that they had enough women to work in the factories. To summarise, I think that source C is more useful as evidence about attitudes towards women in the First World War, as it depicts a more realistic view of what people thought at the time. Women were viewed as insignificant, and more concerned about how they looked. Although it is a bias opinion from a female historian trying to back up her views, it does seem a more historically accurate. Source D could not be used as an accurate view, as it is government propaganda, purposely being used to keep the moral of women high. 2. Source G is being used as an advertisement for Female wardens, and ‘Mrs Peek’s pudding.’ It also seems to be being used to make men more comfortable with their wife’s going into service. It appears to be a form of propaganda; therefore, it is less reliable as a source of information. The first window in the cartoon strip shows a man sitting at the table with his wife eating a meal. In most situations this would not be the case, as men were usually sent away to fight. This does appear to make the advert less accurate. This source shows that men only thought women were useful for putting the meal on the table, or at least it was their duty to do so. The husband in the first caption states ‘cold dinner again!’ as if it was his wife’s duty to provide him with a hot meal every night. The following caption quotes the wife saying ‘oh dear, I’ll have to resign from the post, I just can’t get Jim a hot meal at night.’ Here we see that the woman is hanging on by every word that the man tells her, as if he was superior to her. This very much depicts the attitude that men had to their wives at that time. The last box on the cartoon strip quotes the man saying ‘I guess you’ve resigned your job?’ here we find the man expecting the woman to drop everything that she does, so that she may be of service to him. The woman replies, ‘†¦Mrs Peek is looking after your dinner.’ Again we find the man being superior to the woman. I think that overall this source depicts well the attitude of men towards women in the Second World War. The man expects the woman to drop everything so that she may be of service to him, and that her job does not mean any thing, and the woman seems to agree with it as she knows no other. The only thing that makes the source less reliable is that it seems to be a form of propaganda. 3. When World War II came around, every man In Britain was encouraged to sign up to the forces, and fight for their country, or join some line of service. Originally only men had been asked to sign up, and it was out of the question to ask women to, as they had no skills in work, they were just useful around the home. However, it had not occurred to them that there was going to be a shortage of people to work on the farms, and in the factories when the men had left to go and fight. The government were left with no other option than get the women to fill in the spaces; ‘the women were conductors on the buses taking over until the men came home again’ (source F) Before the war women had fought hard for equal rites, and when the war started it seemed like a great opportunity had opened up. Most women were happy to start with, but then they were treat badly, and they were most definitely not treat with the same respect men were. ‘The people in the country were very resentful, they didn’t make it easy for you, we weren’t really welcome.’ It was hard work for the women, they had been put into hard jobs with no training, but they seemed to manage it, ‘preformed with dead accuracy by girls who had no industrial training.’ It was a new experience for women, and they had been launched straight into it unexpectedly. Before the war a lot of women were happy not to work, but due to the war, they were forced to sign up. This came as a shock to a lot of women. Source J is evidence of this, it shows a copy of an official government announcement to women stating: ‘there must no longer be any doubt in anybody’s mind that every available woman in Britain will have to serve to win this war.’ It wasn’t a decision they could make themselves any more, it was a duty to their country. Despite all of the new opportunities that had been given to women, after the war the men started coming back, and they took back their jobs too. ‘The end o this war brought many unheard and undreamt changes.’ All of the opportunities they had been given had been taken away from them, and it became clear to women that they had only been there to fill in the gaps when the men were away fighting. At first, the war seemed a great opportunity for women to get recognition, and they thought that they had eventually earned what they were fighting for. However they soon realised that they were just there to fill in the space of the men, and when the men got back, they were pushed out of the jobs. It did bring about changes for them at first, but only during the war. When the war was over, everything went back as it had originally been, however, it had made people realise that women were actually capable of doing the work that the men did, and it opened a lot of paths for the future.

Illustrate Typical Phases of a Project Lifecycle Essay

Here is an example diagram of a project life cycle. The project starts with the initiation, this is where you need to define what your project is so you have a clear specification of what you want to achieve at the end. The next stage is planning, when planning it is important to make a clear and simple action plan. With this it will be easier for you to not only follow the plan, but also to check back at you plan and see what you still need to do. Financial plans are also vital to achieve your goals, Clear budgets and forecasts should be made to allow you to be ready for your costs. A action plan would also be useful so you are ready in case any unforeseen costs should arise The next stage is project execution. This stage is obvious, you build your project and implement it. The final stage is project closure, this is where you evaluate the project and review what you could change, after a while of testing your project you can write a comprehensive review of what you need to change and fix with your project. It is also important to communicate throughout the project. If you are working as part of a large team communication is essential to achieving your goals. Poor leadership and lack of direction is main reason why a project can fail, this is linked with planning in that if the team members don’t know whats going on they can’t work. Key reasons why a project can fail: The first reason is poor planning. Big projects can be very complicated, if your team are not sure what they are supposed to be doing there will be sections missing, there may even be people working on the exact same thing. Also, as shown by the second example bellow, not accounting for all factors when planning can result in failure. Financial planning is also essential for a leader to correctly budget the project and allocate each section a suitable spending limit. Without a good financial budget that allows for unexpected costs and problems, the risks are significantly raised since you may not be able to cover your costs and thus run out of cash. Lack of communication can also result in failure, one good example of this was NASA loosing their mars rover, were one team was working in metric, and the other was working in imperial units. If you don’t release your product in time, it is possible that it will be out of date by the time that it is released. This is extremely important in the technology business, take a look at example 3 bellow. You must also ensure that the product you are releasing is fit for the times. Here are some examples of failed projects from a range of backgrounds. 1: Apple Power Mac G4 Cube This is an example of how Tech giants can still fail. In 2000 Apple released the G4 Cube and sales were slow. The reasons for this were: High price tag Flawed design Poor quality Since apple had the reputation of premium quality products for a premium price, when they released the system and the plastic case cracked and had mold lines consumers were not happy. There were also several things overlooked in the design, such as the fact that you had to tip the machine on the side to connect wires and the hidden power button. These two flaws combined with the extortionate price tag resulted in a failed product for Apple. This example goes to show that even huge companies projects can fail. Apple did all the planning right and had plenty of financial backing to push the project forward, they just messed up the product it’s self. 2: Soviet missile early warning system In ’83 the soviet’s had a early warning system which would warn them should America launch an attack on Russia. However the system had triggered that 5 ICBM’s had been launched by America, when in reality the system had been triggered by sunlight reflecting of clouds. Fortunately the operator did not believe the warning and did not respond. 3: Nokia Rather than updating their phones to smart phones, Nokia stuck with just regular phones which were in very low demand. Nokia were not with the times and released outdated products which led to a massive fall in market share and stock prices Relation to my project These examples and points relate to my project and every project. I have learnt from my research of project failures, I can bare these failures in mind while I am working on my project. So, from the powermac g4 cube example I will ensure that the design meets the standards that are required as well as the quality of the final product. From the Early warning example I will carefully consider all of the factors that i can see which would affect my project. Finally from the Nokia example I will ensure that the project meets the technology standards of the time.

Glasgow City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Glasgow City - Essay Example Glasgow in itself is an old city and we trace its origin back in the 12th century  (Slack, 2004). The city has transformed itself from a poor city to a more beautiful city and as a tourist destination. Glasgow tourism strategy 2016 provides the city’s outline and ambitious plan for the decade long development of Scotland’s tourist industry. According to this strategy, the city expects 4 million visitors every year before 2016. This is in accordance with global projections which estimate a growth by 4% every year in the tourism sector. Economically, this would prove advantageous as the city will earn averagely  £ 1 billion every year. With all this projections it is now evident that the win for the bid is in line with its tourism strategy. This is because the event is likely to bring millions of people from all over the world to participate in the event in one way or the other. It is important to understand that a country with good tourist destination has high chance s of hosting some of the world’s major sporting events. It is argued that besides sporting, there is need to promote cultural interaction and economic development  (Tomlinson, 2005). Apart from gaining economically in sports, the host nation is also supposed to earn from tourism. This was one factor that ensured Glasgow city won the bid. The city hosted the 1988 Garden Festival and won the European City of Culture (ECoC) title in 1990  (Weiler, 2004). In addition to this the City also boasts of Glasgow Royal Concert Hall and a Gallery of modern art which was opened in 1996. The gallery of modern art now holds the title of UK City of Architecture and Design. All this fit in the city’s strategy and the games will only help in emphasizing more on cultural value and promote tourism. Glasgow city also boasts of hosting the UEFA Champions League Final in 2002 one of the most prestigious soccer event in the world   (Glanville, 2012). Moreover, the city collected their E uropean Capital of Sport title in 2003 something that made them host the UEFA Cup Final in 2007  (Woods, 2007).. Besides the good sporting reputation the tourism industry in the city has been rebranding itself. Major brands like ‘Glasgow Scotland with Style’ and ‘safe pair of hand’ have been key in ensuring that the country host major sporting and cultural events. Besides this, the long term strategies such as infrastructure investment, civic engagement and unwavering belief has helped the country to attract many tourists in the city. All these are important in ensuring that the country promotes its tourism industry and this fits with the strategy of Glasgow city.  

Test the Expert Experiment Using the Sequence Generator Case Study

Test the Expert Experiment Using the Sequence Generator - Case Study Example The use of Random Sequence Generator as a valid randomization method requires maintaining the same conditions like temperature and size when preparing and serving the two samples not to have an effect on the test subject (Sharpe, De Veaux &Velleman, 2014).Independence of Trials Each trial of the experiment must be independent and an outcome of one trial should have no effect on the conclusion of the following trial. This aspect will bring validity to the statistical analysis of the experiment. Measures to influence the legitimacy of the test include running multiple tests with the practice subject to ascertain any faults in the process. The faults may cause poor results or incapacity of the test subject through fatigue or any other way. Rehearsal The rehearsal`s main purpose is to verify, improve or correct the experiment, and provide insight into the research in producing reliable results. The practice subject did not consume any of the samples, and no recommendations were needed to increase the potential of the experiment. The procedures and samples of the experiment were adequate to initiate the test. The critical value of the test statistic is -1.6499, the p-value is 0.005 at an alpha value of 0.05. The experiment has provided sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis as it is observed that H0: π < 0.5 (not an expert) indicating that the subject is statistically significantly considered an expert. Lavender is an expert in differentiating Diet Coke from Coke.

HISTORICAL THEORISTS LETTERRole of the Teacher Assignment

HISTORICAL THEORISTS LETTERRole of the Teacher - Assignment Example Most American schools have a sense of American culture that may at times shock immigrant children. This is due to the constant cultural shifts they experience in the course of transitioning from school to home. Each culture upholds its own set of values that act as driving forces of the people in that particular culture. What happens when two contrasting cultures collide in the lives of these youth? The end result of such a scenario is that they negate one culture and pledge themselves fully to the other. While this may seem an amicable solution, it is important to note that both cultures in this scenario have different roles that are equally important to children’s development. Amid such increasing pressure, children are likely to succumb to pressures of American culture due to their increased interaction with it and due to their friends’ influence. Unfortunately, the oppressed culture is depleted, together with the influence carried by its upholders, reducing parentsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ authority and control over their children. As such, the children delve into the perilous business of lacking sufficient life knowledge, making them ill-equipped to succeed. To avoid this, I have concluded that public schools need to â€Å"provide the beginnings of a wide, deep, and universal culture that allows a world class interpretation of parents and countrymen† (Addams). Secondly, it is quite obvious that the repercussions of such poor nurturing will be passed on to the next generation. For example, â€Å"I do not believe that children who have been cut off from their own parents will be those who, when they become parents themselves, will know how to connect the family together and to connect it with the state† (Addams). This is because they lack better methods of survival and sufficient knowledge to pass on, consequently creating an irresponsible and corrupt society. This scenario charges schools with the obligation to impart the necessary knowledge and skills to

Lust by Susan Minot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lust by Susan Minot - Essay Example The narrator is a young girl. The theme of the story revolves around male and female sexual patterns and expectations. In this essay I will examine some of the questions raised by this interesting story. â€Å"Lust† is set in the 1960s and 1970s and has a teenage girl as its narrator. She is involved in relationship with many boys. The story narrates how the girl gets connected to each boy and the relationship and sex life she has with each one. The tone is so somewhat impassive, which may mean that the girl is not moved by any relationship or feels attached to anyone. This is one of the surprises of the story. You expect, from the title, that the characters would be full of passion and desire, but they act more like robots or people lost in a mist. The title is probably therefore meant ironically—or perhaps the author didn’t realize how little feeling was in her depictions. The title of the story, â€Å"Lust,† hints at a story about passionate sexual relationships, but the voice the reader encounters is one of despair, indifference-- unexcited and cold. The narrator is involved in the relationships, but describes them with little color and individuality. The narrator takes the readers through each event in her sex life. She also shares her thoughts after her sex acts and the tone is quite casual and could be shocking to conservatives. The tone brings out the attitude of the girl towards sex and morals. This is one of the central conflicts of the story: between what the girl wants and what the girl gets. She is clearly looking for something more meaningful, but never really finds it. A lot of her unhappiness is an expression of this unresolved conflict. This trouble really resides in her own character. She has trouble generating meaning. The narration gives the events in the form of a list evoking the idea that the sexual acts are just thought an d acted out in an order or executed as planned

3 page executive report describing how information technology impacts Essay

3 page executive report describing how information technology impacts California Workers' Compensation Industy - Essay Example Information technology and its benefits have not yet been fully employed in the workers’ compensation industry although several instances of it are available. Providers have been using the EDI but the process is still a challenge in the workers’ compensation industry. The workers’ compensation is such a small part of the claim that many providers have yet to start with electronically processing of claims.2 The technology that is used in the industry is P2P link which provides an electronic â€Å"transaction hub† which allows information to be shared between payers and providers. The providers can submit bills, medical reports and other communication through web interface. An automated review checks the bill for accuracy and completeness before it reaches the insurance carrier for payment. This is in use at Lakeland which improves the flow of information and streamlines the adjudication of claims. It has improved the ability to execute the payment of workers’ compensation claims in a timely manner. While other states use the American Medical Association guidelines to ensure fair evaluation of physical impairment, California lags behind. The California Workers’ Compensation System (CWCS) is in the grip of crisis as doctors are leaving by the dozen. Doctors are dropping out because of the delays in reimbursements for treatments.3 Patient loads have doubled while treatment authorization takes months. The new SB 899 had become effective in 2004 but is now under severe scrutiny for the human suffering it has caused. Nobody in the state administration is concerned as the insurance company profits are soaring. The faster an insurer receives notice of an injury, medical treatment can be initiated timely, the injured starts recuperating fast and gets back to work. This would eliminate the cost of hiring an attorney to settle claims. This is where

Follow a method similar to that which we've been discussing. FLUSSER Essay

Follow a method similar to that which we've been discussing. FLUSSER - Essay Example Gestures are often recurrent by the same people and also other partakers. By starting from an inclusive viewpoint, for instance, watching a live debate on television or the succession of narration in any interaction that occurs naturally, one can easily observe that distinctive partakers are always bound to produce similar gestures and these gestures are to ensure that there is an overall collaborative consistency. These gestures are not just merely meant to produce consistency, but to develop the unity of sequences and the stories of the various actors. The analysis of gestures, in this case, will emphasize on its binding practices. The most mutual characteristic of such gestures is that they happen in activities where the partakers show an orientation in securing and developing a mutual thought. From a perspective that is narrower, it will be obvious that such gestures are part of an turn organization or turn construction and they can join various turns together. Before making an analysis of gestures, I will mention some general info regarding unity and consistency in communication. One fundamental supposition regarding unity/coherence a turns, which are adjacent to each other, will be comprehended in relation to another turn. For example, a speech is always considered to be unified even when it may not be consistent. The placement of words and a turn is important in developing an interactive coherence. The partakers in an interaction often apply precise techniques in developing consistency and cohesion. Some of the most commonly applied techniques include the applications of disjunction and pronouns. Coherence may exist in various levels. One may mention coherence at a realistic level, whereby the main idea is if the correlation of distinct interactive action is coherent and relevant. The normative coordination of the partakers to the organizational sequence is a good example whereby the partakers

Intellectual property project ( Business and Commercial law ) Assignment

Intellectual property project ( Business and Commercial law ) - Assignment Example This paper presents an example of a case in which the intellectual property legislation of the cell phone market has been breached. In the shop where I spotted this original HTC phone, it was selling at $120. However, according to what one of the shop attendants told me, the price was slightly negotiable. I guess it could sell as low as $110. The price of this product according to the shop, in which I spotted it, was $52. Comparing with the previous similar phone (real) that I had seen earlier, I got interested in why it was selling so cheap. At a glance, I could not notice any difference. However, after a close look at the phone, I noticed some differences from the original phone. The original HTC phones are manufactured by a company called HTC Corporation, with its headquarters in Xindian, New Taipei City, Taiwan. The company was formerly known as High-Tech Computer Corporation. State laws protect the intellectual properties. Any attempt use an intellectual property without authorization is considered infringement (Hg.org, 2015). The manufacturers of the fake hTC mobile phones violate the intellectual laws in a number of ways. The first and foremost, their product resembles the HTC corporation’s product by general look as well as the product name. The HTC label used on the phone is a trademark of HTC Corporation. Any other firm that sells products with a similar label violates the federal law No. 8 of 2002, as provided by the trade regulations in UAE. If the firm runs its businesses in United States, it would be a violation of the intellectual law, as provided in section 396(3A) of Act 1988 (Groves, 1997). The production of a product similar to those patented by another company is an offense. It violates the intellectual laws related to copyright, patent, design rights, just to mention a few. The manufacturer of the fake HTC mobile, in this case, violated the intellectual laws by manufacturing phone similar to the ones that existed

Literacy and Young People Essay Example for Free

Literacy and Young People Essay Literacy means the ability to read and write. Only recently has the word ‘literacy’ been applied as the definitive term for reading and writing, mostly since the introduction of the National Literacy Strategy in schools. The skills of reading and writing complement each other and develop together, it therefore makes sense to use the term ‘literacy’. Reading and writing are forms of communication based on the spoken language. Effective speaking and listening skills are essential in order to develop literacy skills. The progression of literacy skills is a vital aspect of development and learning. Without the  ability to read, write and listen children and young people may not be able to function effectively in school, college, university or at work or communicate with others about their ideas and participate fully and safely in the community. Literacy enables children and young people to express themselves creatively and productively. The majority of jobs and careers rely on an element of basic literacy (and numeracy) skills. Literacy is required in our everyday lives, to keep us safe by being able to read signs and follow instructions, read directions, reading newspapers, recipes, food labels, dealing with  household finances. Literacy also enables us to progress with technology by being able use computers competently, surfing the internet and being able to read and write emails. As the heart of all learning lies the two key skills, literacy and numeracy. Literacy is possibly the more important of both skills as children and young people need literacy in order to access further curriculum areas, e. g in order to approach a numeracy problem, the question needs to be read and understood before the answer can begin to be found. The development of literacy is important from an early age for all children and young people. As Teaching Assistants it is likely that we will be supporting children and young people with communication difficulties or other Special Educational Needs which could have an impact on their literacy skills, a situation may also arise where English is not the first language. It is important that children and young people are encouraged to explore the way the English language works, e. g phonics for vocabulary, reading, writing and spelling. This will enable children and young people to gain knowledge to be able to read, write and spell confidently. Amanda Pinfold TDA 3. 11 2 The learning objectives are associated to 12 strands in literacy to demonstrate progression in each strand. The strands are as follows:- Speak and listen for a wide range of purposes in different contexts 1. Speaking 2. Listening and responding 3. Group discussion and interaction 4. Drama Read and write for a range of purposes on paper and on screen 5. Word recognition: decoding (reading) and encoding (spelling) 6. Word Structure and spelling 7. Understanding and interpreting texts 8. Engaging and responding to texts 9. Creating and shaping texts 10. Text structure and organisation 11. Sentence structure and punctuation 12. Presentation Within my setting we aim to encourage children and young people to be able read and write with confidence, fluency and understanding, to be able to orchestrate a full range of reading cues (phonic, graphic, syntactic, contextual) to monitor their read and be able to correct their own mistakes. To understand the sound and spelling system and use this to read and spell accurately, have fluent, legible and cursive handwriting. To have an interest in words and their meanings and a growing vocabulary. To know, understand and be able to write a number  of genres in fiction and poetry, understand and be familiar with some of the ways in which narratives are structured through basic literacy ideas of setting, character and plot. The ability to understand, use and be able to write a range of non-fiction texts, plan, draft, revise and edit their own writing, have a suitable technical vocabulary through which to understand and discuss their reading and writing. Children are encouraged to be interested in books, read with enjoyment and evaluate and justify their preferences. Develop their own powers of imagination, inventiveness and critical awareness through reading and writing. In the Foundation Stage (Nursery and Reception) Children and young people should be given the opportunity to speak, listen and represent ideas in their activities. Use communication, language and English in every part of the curriculum and to become immersed in an environment rich in print and possibilities for communication. All Key Stage 1 (Years 1 and 2) – Children and young people should learn to speak confidently and listen to what others have to say. They should begin to read and write independently (using phonic knowledge) and with enthusiasm. They should be using language to explore their own experiences and imaginary words. All Key Stage 2 (Years 3-6) – Children and young people should learn to change the way they speak and write to suit appropriate situations, purposes and audiences. They should read a range of texts and respond to different layers of meaning in them. They should explore the use of language in literary and non-literary texts and learn how the structure of language works. Intervention groups are offered in speaking, reading, writing and listening to those children and young people who are under-attaining and booster groups for the more able. Where the pupils performance is significantly below average we will seek specialist provision such as speech therapy, EAL programmes and reading recovery will be accessed as needed. In Key stages 1 and 2, English sessions use the National Strategy unit plans (our own versions) focusing on shared reading, shared and guided writing and producing sustained Amanda Pinfold TDA 3. 11 3 outcomes. Further lessons are also used for focused activities in phonics, guided reading and comprehension. In Key Stage 1 there is a daily phonics session, daily guided reading and English lesson. There is one discrete handwriting session each week. In addition to this, there is also a slot used for the development of speaking and listening and the class story. In lower Key Stage 2 there is also a daily phonics session, four guided reading sessions and a daily English lesson. There is one discrete handwriting session every fortnight. Additionally there is also a slot used for the development of speaking and listening and the class story. In upper Key Stage 2 there is a daily phonics/spelling session, four guided reading sessions and a daily English lesson. There is one discrete handwriting session every fortnight. Additional there is a slot used for the development of speaking and listening and the class story. The monitoring and evaluation of the English policy is the responsibility of the English co- ordinator who is responsible to the head teacher and the governors for the development of English throughout the school. This is to be achieved in a variety of ways: ?Regular discussions with staff concerning the progress of groups and individuals ?Involvement in long and medium term planning across the school in English ? Regular classroom observation and working alongside colleagues to help identify  strengths and weaknesses, to provide support to individual staff where appropriate ?Regular monitoring of resources, planning and children’s work ?Reviewing of assessment outcomes and data to evaluate the quality of learning in English throughout the school. ? Checking that within a key stage there is coverage of the full English curriculum in line with national curriculum requirements, the early learning goals and current National Primary Framework objectives (where used) ?Checking that appropriate opportunities to raise multicultural and gender issues are created and taken  ?Ensure that the time spent on the teaching of English is meeting our pupils needs Literacy Lessons are the same time each day, after morning break time. They are broken down into phonics and spelling, guided reading and English. The lesson starts at 10. 45 and finishes at 12. 30pm. The children start by gathering on the carpet area to be given an overview of what is happening in the day’s lesson. As a Teaching Assistant a discussion would have taken place with the Class Teacher prior to the lesson taking place to establish the lesson plan and what is expected of you for the lesson. Some Teaching Assistants may have  been involved with elements of planning a lesson and able to give their own ideas as to how is the best way to carry out activities. It may be that you work with a designated group of children who have development issues and require more attention. It is important that the Teaching Assistant works together with the class teach to monitor the progress of pupils in all areas of literacy development. This will usually ensure that the children and young people are focused and able to meet the learning objectives. Some pupils will require more encouragement to participate than others through the use of praise and  feedback, whilst identifying any concerns or problems they may have. Monitoring of the children and young people also involves the relaying of information to the Class Teacher in respect of learning objectives and feedback as to how the tasks were Amanda Pinfold TDA 3. 11 4 managed and how to achieve their goals going forwards. We also carry out intervention activities in my setting where a group of children are taken out of the lesson by a Teaching Assistant to carry out some additional literacy activities to concentrate on tasks such as sounds of letter groups, reading sessions and basic spellings to  help improve their literacy development. There are also groups of children who are taken out of lessons 3 times a week to carry out additional reading activities to help improve their reading skills. In our classrooms, we also use a ‘working wall display’ to show the key learning objectives for the terms activities and the pupils are able to use this to assist with their learning independently. Within my setting we also have a reading partners lesson on a Thursday morning where year groups visit other class rooms and read with each other, e. g Year 4 read with reception, Year 3 read with year 1 and year 2 with year 5. This gives children and young people to the chance to gain confidence in reading and speaking in front of other children who are of a different age and more developed. Amanda Pinfold TDA 3. 11 5 Bibliography Textbooks: Textbooks: Burnham,L, Baker,B (2010) Level 3 Diploma Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools (Primary). Harlow. Heinemann part of Pearson Burnham,L(2002) Brilliant Teaching Assistant. Prentice Hall Kamen, T (2008) 2nd Edition Teaching Assistants Handbook NVQ SVQ Levels 2 3. Maidstone. Hodder Education Primary School Literacy Curriculum Policy overview Amanda Pinfold TDA 3. 11 6.

Education system essay Essay Example for Free

Education system essay Essay From the articles I have read, it seems as though parents, teachers, and the education system continue to blame one another for poor student performance in school and on state tests. However, I believe that each of these groups plays a key role in student success or failure. School administration and board members seem to be completely oblivious to the real reasons students perform poorly and parents lack involvment in their childrens schooling and education at home. I do believe that income does play a key role in education, however, I dont agree with it. Schools in low income neighborhoods dont recieve the proper funding to provide students with the materials they need to be successful in school, but the students dont score high enough on state tests to earn the school money for these materials; its a lose lose situation (Barbanel, 2002). For these issues, I believe the lack of government involvment and recognition is the cause of student failure. Despite all these factors, students should also be held accountable for being successful in school. Even if schools recieve proper funding, materials, and training, it is ultimately up to the student to stay motivated to succeed. From personal experience, I found that it was much easier to stay motivated in classes that I felt engaged in. The classes that teachers made a connection with me in and really knew their stuff were always the classes I had a higher success rate in. I think teacher involvement is a huge deal in school, it makes a student want to go to school, and feel like they belong rather than just going because they have to. Recently, Maine and fourty-four other states have adopted the new Common Core standards that will make academic standards even higher for kids in grades K-12 (Gallagher, 2013). The purpose of these standards is to increase critical thinking skills and teach students to solve problems on their own. Common Core is designed to allow teachers to be facilitators and students to take responsiblity for their own education. However, as positive and ecouraging as Common Core sounds, experts say that a drop as high as 40% will be seen in the new testing in 2015 (Gallagher, 2013). ____________________________________________________________ BARBANEL, J. (2002, March 31). Elementary and Middle School Report Cards. Retrieved from The New York Times: http://ethemes.pearsoncmg.com/0205405940/article_06/index.html Ghallagher, N. K. (2013, July 7). Back-to-school means facing tougher academic standards this fall | The Kennebec Journal, Augusta, ME. Retrieved from http://www.kjonline.com/news/test-scores-likely-to-drop-under-new-standards_2013-07-20.html

Cultural Distance Measurement And Its Impact Marketing Essay

Cultural Distance Measurement And Its Impact Marketing Essay In todays globalised world economy, the nations are becoming extremely cross-cultural. A better understanding of global consumer culture and its influences on consumer behaviour will play an integral role for both international marketers and consumer researchers to penetrate new international markets. The role of cultural difference in the present cross-cultural environment is taken into consideration for localizing marketing strategies (Kroeber and Kluckhohn, 1952). The designing of international marketing strategies and understanding the local market cultures is a challenge for new consumer researchers to understand and analyse the needs of foreign consumers. It is essential to understand the aspects of cultural dimensions to assess the impact of culture on consumer decisions, as the culture tends to manipulate the decisions of the consumer based on cultural value system (Akaka and Alden, 2010). This cultural value system acts as a guide for interactions within the members of the s ociety and between the consumer and its products. What is culture? According to Hofstede (2001), the culture is defined as, the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. This definition focusses on the etic approach, where the researchers look for universal or culture free concepts and its theories. However, the emic methodology is an alternative approach focussing on the subject being researched and understanding its issues. Culture is defined emically as, the lens through which all phenomena are seen. It determines how these phenomenas are adopted and assimilated Luna and Gupta (2001). In fact, there are several models of culture differences which are utilized to determine the framework of culture in shared groups or in a group acting as an interpretive model of consumer behaviour. This paper evaluates the culture dimension models proposed by Hofstede (2001) and House (2004) and the impact of different cultures in global consumer market. Some people may argue that culture is a shared idea, yet with different value sets, influenced by cross cultural beliefs. Within the reality of intercultural communication, the behavioural pattern followed by one society is integral to the basic concept of culture (McSweeney, 2002). Hofstede categorized culture into five different dimensions such as power distance, individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/feminity, and long term/short term orientation. The market researchers implemented Hofstedes cultural dimensions to the communications related to digital technology. Javidan et al. (2004), for instance, recognized individualism/collectivism which is one of the cultural dimensions proposed by (Hofstede, 2001), through a text based transcript of courses listserv (University online portal). They noticed that students from individualist culture behaved differently than the students from collectivist culture while communicating in listserv. The white American students, especially males were discovered to be more individualistic in their approach as compared to the Asian students who were more group oriented displaying a strong sense of we approach in their messages. This study showed that organizational communication through internet authenticated the influence of different cultural traits on the students behavioural pattern, belonging to different national cultures. Furthermore, Chiou (1999) conducted market research in the United States and Taiwan which resulted into findings that consumers in individualist cultures used products to demonstrate thei r inner values, while in collectivist cultures the consumers were more influenced to utilize the product to reinforce the social relationships. In an international public relations situation, the presence of power distance factor was also confirmed by other researchers, where power distance played an integral role in terms of product crisis. For example, the Coca Cola tainting crisis in Belgium in 1999. The product was recalled as the consumers complained about the irregular taste and odour in the bottled products. Due to Symptoms of reported illness, the Belgian Health Ministry banned the products of the Coca Cola Enterprise. Approximately, 15 million cans and tinned products were recalled. The CEO of Coca Cola apologized to the Belgian Health Ministry, and posted notes in newspapers and addressed consumers through media. On 22nd June 1999, the Belgian Health Ministry lifted the ban on Coca Cola Enterprise, and the company provided premiums to 72,000 consumers (Johnson Peppas, 2003). This case exhibits high level of power distance between the government and the consumers, which demonstrates a strong response to the crisis as compared to the countries that exhibits low power distance. On the other hand, Steenkamp et al. (2001) studied the effect of national culture on shaping consumer perceptions. He argues that the relationship between the conceptual definition of Hofstedes dimension and its implementation to measure cultural dimensions is weak and unclear. The scores are based on the samples recorded from IBM employees, which do not represent their own country in the research. This model can be implemented in small scale industries and less developed countries. In addition, he also states that Hofstedes research is more focussed on work related values which makes the data time and context specific. Similarly, McSweeney (2002) argues that Hofstedes research displayed narrowness of the survey conducted on population limited to one organisation IBM. Although the survey was conducted in 66 countries where IBM subsidiaries were located, the data used to build national culture comparisons was considerably limited to feedbacks from sales-plus marketing employees of IBM. The survey was matched on an occupational and organisational basis which neglected the fact of the employees, which could display the extent to which they can represent their nationality and their respective cultures. The sense of clarity in Hofstedes research with respect to national culture is unclear. Average tendency depending on questionnaire responses from the employees in a single company, failed to justify Hofstedes claim that national average tendency of consumers matches the average tendency of the people in the cross cultural environment. On the other hand, another research programme came into existence which categorized culture into nine major dimensions such as uncertainty avoidance, power distance, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, future orientation, performance orientation, humane orientation and six primary global factors for leadership behaviour (House et al. 2004). Project GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness) mainly focussed on the performance of leadership behaviours in different cultural contexts (House and Javidan, 2004). This project determined culture into two distinct types: cultural values and its practices. According to House et al. (2004), firstly, societal culture might influence an implicit belief which creates a CLT (cultural leadership theory). Secondly, leadership behaviour and attributes is directly influenced by societal culture. Thirdly, leader behaviours and characteristics leads to leader acceptance and effectiveness, however this interconnection is guided by CLT. The GLOBE dimensions of culture are applicable at both the societal or organisational level. For instance, feminine values are more developed in Japanese culture as compared to masculine values. Emotions and sensitivity plays an important role in Japanese marketing. For example, in Japan the wife decides how much money her husband can spend on his daily expenditures (Tanouchi, 1983). This factor can manipulate the buying behaviour of the husband. This society exhibits higher scores on gender egalitarianism practices as women is in the position where she has authority over her male counterpart, and societies where the scores are low (e.g. India, Kuwait, Egypt) the involvement of women in decision making is low. No society can be depicted as true egalitarian society where we can discover equal opportunities for men and women. Furthermore, future orientation is also one of the dimensions of culture discussed by House in his GLOBE project, where it demonstrates a cultural trait of individuals in societies involved in future planning and investment (Ashkanasy et al., 2004). For example, Intel, the worlds leading manufacturer of microprocessors is planning to enter the mobile phone market. Its investment and planning is based on its competence of developing and designing of smartphones which can be used more like a computer. Value added features of voice capability with faster internet access on smartphones like computers using Intels low power atom microprocessors. Based on this new technology, Intel is hoping to become a major player in the field of mobile communications (Jobber, 2010). This case exhibits low scores on the aspect of future orientation culture dimension proposed by House (2004). Intel wanted to invest on the technology to achieve market share and gain profit in the current market situation. The degree to which individual or the organisation has the propensity to save for the future requirements that society scores high on the future orientation dimension of culture According to recent study, Okazaki et al. (in press) scrutinized how soft sell versus hard sell techniques of advertising was interpreted by Japanese versus Unites States consumers. Using performance orientation and assertiveness which are two dimensions of culture in GLOBE study, it assessed the effectiveness of the ads in two societies. The results showed a variable response across the two cultures. The hard sell approaches are more persuasive for American consumers while soft sell advertising approaches are more favourable for Japanese consumers. This study shows that US consumers are more assertive and believe in performance oriented values. On the other hand, Japanese consumers are more likely to achieve irritation by hard selling ads because the ads were perceived as too aggressive, and too achievement oriented. This study exhibits multiple dimensions of GLOBE such as assertiveness and performance orientation. It also provides an idea about the perspective of advertising consid ering different culture practices and values. By the above mentioned interaction models proposed by (Hofstede, 1980b) and (House, 2004), culture can be segmented into cultural values and practices, corresponding to consumer behavioural pattern influenced by their own culture. The cultural difference need to be identified in the global marketing situation, because it gives an idea of understanding local cultures which authenticates a deeper understanding of consumption pattern in a specific situation. The understanding of culture distance also helps to build a relationship between the product or service and the consumers. Failure in understanding culture difference may lead to catastrophic ramifications. For example, Halal meats in fast food outlets. Halal is an Arabic word which means lawful, which denotes that animal, should be slaughtered by a Muslim and invokes the name of Allah as the animal, dies. Belgium has the largest Halal meat processing plants as the number of Muslim population is increasing in the European region. The fast food outlet such as McDonalds, KFC therefore has halal certification where there is low risk of contamination from pork products. Due to which fast food business has established quickly and is a growing trend in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia accounts of 15% of food sales through fast food business which has grown over the last 5 years. (Usunier and Lee, 2005, p. 279). Similarly in countries like Malaysia, for example, fast food outlets such as Pizza Hut and KFC are advised by Syariah council to ensure that all overseas food supply and food production is Halal meat. The fast food companies identified the cultural importance and its difference with respect to Muslim traditions, and to attract the Muslim consumers they started with the Halal system, and posted notes and hoarding in front of the outlets which said that they follow the tradition of Halal meat. As a result, fast food outlets identified the cultural difference and gained market share in the global food sector. Another example which demonstrates cultural difference playing an important role in manipulating consumer behaviour is in the womens beauty sector. This sector consists of segments which provide brands with immense of opportunities to target specific groups. LOreal, for example, with its tag line Because youre worth it targets women who believe that they deserve to be self indulgence and pampering. Such niche targeting has made the brand into one of the leading players in the cosmetic market. However, on the other hand, Unilever entered the beauty market but chose not to compete with LOreal directly. Alternatively, it categorized women into different belief segments who oppose against beauty stereotypes. Dove promoted its product with its Campaign for Real Beauty where images of women do not match the tall, thin and young category. The brand created a different belief system by promoting workshops to help young girls with body related low self esteem. Dove successfully created a democratic view in the mind of the consumers about beauty and identified the market segment by tapping the women culture based on beliefs. Implementation of this strategy led Dove to be a major player in this market segment (Jobber, 2010). Consumer electronics market on the other hand is typically culture free product segment as they are more technologically based product or service and universally used. Here, the culture context acts lower priority and consumer behaviour is similar with respect to cross-national environments (Usunier and Lee, 2005). However, there is an exception in developing countries in which consumer electronic goods are bonded with culture. For example in China, owning a colour TV is a requirement to marriage and they sometimes are willing to wait so that they are able to afford the best colour TV to display the social status before marriage. Sony Corporation took advantage of this culture system and launched 3D LED BRAVIA Colour TV in China. Owning this TV in China is considered to be respectful and wealthy. Sony tapped the Chinese market with Japanese technology which favoured the organisation to create a brand image and now it is one of the major consumer brands in China in terms of television and music industry (Usunier and Lee, 2005) Some organisations tend to enter the niche market by targeting a specific group of culture. For instance, Nike produces wide range of sports equipments and follows the hip hop culture and the youth culture to persuade consumers to buy their fashionable products. For market penetration, Nike signed contracts with famous professional teams and athletes casting them in their advertisements and persuading young generation to buy the same product as their sports ideal is utilizing them. Nike targeted the sporting culture in young generation who care more about the utility and quality of the product rather than price. This strategy provides them a huge platform to position their product in the consumer market. Athletes are the main consumers of Nike products. This sporting company segmented the market according to the consumers sporting culture; this strategy helped Nike to build product intimacy with the consumers and persuaded them to purchase the product by associating the brand with high profile athletes like Michael Jordan. The recognition of distinct sporting culture in the consumer market led Nike to be the leading company in the world to provide sporting goods (www.articlebase.com) To conclude, it has been observed that culture plays an integral role in consumer behaviour. The marketers adapt and standardize their product according to the culture, so that they can segment, target, and position their product in a specific group or in the market as a whole. The organisations who failed to identify the cultural distance in consumers, struggled with the concept of brand positioning in the global market situation. Cultural difference can be reduced by analysing the local environment and practices to create a brand relationship between the product and the consumers. The brand adoption process of a consumer is influenced by personal value and expressions in their purchase. The individuality of the consumers affects the brand value and their perceptions about the brand. The concept of Glocalisation where Globalisation meets Localisation is essential in order to help the marketers to customize their global brands according to the local needs and suit the local cultures. One of the most important culture bound tool of marketing mix is advertising. It is the strongest link between the companies and its consumers in marketing communications. The words and images used in advertising can influence the consumer in terms of his culture, as the advertising campaign does not depends on particular country or region. This strategy can create an impact on global consumer culture at a considerable extent provide the message is interpreted in the way What is said and How it is said by the brand. In this case, as mentioned above, the brands such as Sony, McDonalds, KFC, and Nike identified the global consumer culture and their trends which patronized them to create a brand image in the minds of the consumers. In addition, they also created a brand relationship whic h corresponds to the global consumer culture by global marketing operations.

Revolution :: essays research papers

The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political and economic revolts that took place in Europe because of a recession and abuse of political power. The participants in the revolutions were the Poles, Danes, Germans, Italians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovaks, Hungarians, Croats, and the Romanians. The Revolutions of 1848 did change that countries government but the changes didn't last long. Although the changes didn't last long the revolutions did demonstrate that people could undermine the government, and create liberalism & socialism. The Revolutions first started out in France 1848 where the people wanted universal suffrage which was led by Louis Blanc. King Louis Philippe was overthrown and Louis Blanc's revolution established the second republic. The February revolution in France gave ideas to other countries in Europe which in turn started other revolutions. The February revolution in France also gave to Liberals in the German states the idea to make a proposal for a unified German country with a national parliament. But the old order was restored because the provisional government couldn't decide on a constitution for the new government. The Italian states of Europe also had a revolution which made Pope Pius IX flee Italy. This gave a leader of unification, Gieuseppe Mazzini the chance to unify Italy. This plot of Mazzini was a failure because of the Italians overwhelming protectiveness of their independence. Within the Austrian Empire there was increased Nationalism among the Czechs, Hungarians, Germans, and other groups. This increased Nationalism in March of 1848 led to riots and the

Carol Ann Duffys Revision of Masculinist Representations of Female Ide

Carol Ann Duffy's Revision of Masculinist Representations of Female Identity Carol Ann Duffy is one of the freshest and bravest talents to emerge in British poetry —any poetry — for years', writes Eavan Boland (Duffy, 1994, cover). This courage is manifest in Duffy’s ability and desire to revise masculinist representations of female identity and her engagement with feminine discourse, a concept which, as Sara Mills points out: has moved away from viewing women as simply an oppressed group, as victims of male domination, and has tried to formulate ways of analysing power as it manifests itself and as it is resisted in the relations of everyday life. (p.78) It is these aspects of Duffy's work that I wish to address here by examining the ways in which she subverts masculinist assumptions and discourses in the following ways: by giving voice to previously marginalised or silenced figures, by re-presenting stereotypes and power relations, through comic reappropriation of myth and by re-writing the canonical love poem. The problematic nature of representation itself, its subjectivity and unreliability, is a central concern of Duffy's poetry. Much of her work is written in the form of dramatic monologue which serves to demonstrate the fundamental inadequacy of language to re-present by undermining the readers' expectations of traditional discourses. By using characters' voices rather than her own, Duffy identifies with the speaker and confers authority onto a voice which might otherwise be silent. The foregrounding of this voice becomes a means of demonstrating the failure of language to represent specific aspects of experience, particularly female experience. The monologue, by giving voice to the previously subjugated female ... ...t, New York. Works Cited Duffy, Carol Ann, Standing Female Nude (London: Anvil, 1985). ——, Selling Manhattan (London: Anvil, 1987). ——, The Other Country (London: Anvil, 1990). ——, Selected Poems (London: Penguin, 1994). ——, The World’s Wife (London: Picador, 1999). Gregson, Ian, 'Carol Ann Duffy: Monologue as Dialogue' in Contemporary Poetry and Postmodernism: Dialogue and Estrangement (Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1996). Lacan, Jacques, 'The Insistence of the Letter in the Unconscious' in David Lodge, (ed.), Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader (London: Longman, 1988). Mills, Sara, Discourse (London: Routledge, 1997). ‘Pass Notes’, Guardian G2, 10 May 1999, p.3. Room, Adrian, (ed.), Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (London: Cassel & Co, 2001). Viner, Katharine, 'Metre Maid', Guardian Weekend, 25 September 1999, pp.20‑26.

Innocent Victims :: essays research papers

Innocent Victims   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The news came one late afternoon. My girlfriend told me that Naomi had given birth. Instead of feeling joyous over the birth of my one time friend’s child, I felt both saddened and angry about this occasion. So I asked the inevitable question, â€Å"Is it OK?† The response to my question was just what I had hoped would not happen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Naomi is a heroin addict. She had just given birth to a premature baby boy that was addicted to the same drug his mother was shooting up. This innocent little guy was born with what doctors say is a mild form of brain damage. For the first few weeks of his life, he had to be treated with methadone to combat his withdrawal symptoms. Despite the severe damage Naomi caused to her baby, she still walks the streets of Carlsbad looking for her fix. The last I had heard of the little boy was that he was taken by Child Protective Services and placed in foster care waiting for a home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mothers who prenatally expose their babies to hard illegal drugs cause serious damage to these children and should be criminally prosecuted. The physical, neurological, and behavioral effects on babies caused by drug use during pregnancy are disheartening. In spite of this blatant disregard for the child’s life, it is not considered a form of child abuse in most of our states. If a mother injected drugs into the tiny arm of her baby, causing permanent brain damage or death, surely the mother would be arrested and prosecuted. Yet that is exactly what addicted mothers do when they consume drugs throughout their pregnancy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In California, when a woman gives birth to baby with illegal drugs in its system, not much happens to the mother. According to an official from San Diego County’s Child Protective Services, the baby is placed on hold and is put in foster care. The case is then referred to family court for review. A judge then looks at the extent of the mother’s drug use and decides if it is safe to return the child to its mother. Depending on the amount of drug abuse, a mother is referred to a drug treatment program. If the mother completes her assigned program, she is reunited with her child. If she does not complete the program, the baby is then left in foster care and goes up for adoption.

Do Children Have False Memories

Citing relevant research, state and explain your opinion of the reliability of the testimony of a 5 year old child who accuses an adult of serious sexual abuse. It’s very easy to look at children’s testimony from a psychologist or a researcher’s perspective, but how would we respond if we were faced with a situation where a 5 year old child is accusing an adult of serious sexual abuse?Would we be quick to dismiss the strong accusation or would we examine the possibility of this event. In this essay evidence for and against the reliability of children’s testimony is evaluated, especially considering a delicate matter such as sexual abuse. It will start by outlining what developmental and cognitive psychologists have discovered to date about children’s memory capacity and how it differs from that of adults; then the focus will shift to literature on sexual abuse.Memory or remembering operates like any other aspect of development studied, its developme nt is gradual, and this goes to say that children without doubt, don’t possess the same ability to remember as adults. The digit span for memory seems to increase with age, so for example a child of 3yrs will remember about 2 words and a child of 4 will remember 3 words from a presented list of word, and these are likely to be the last words (recency effect( Meadows,1986).There are three areas of memory that seem to show improvement in children as we progress through development: basic capacity, the amount of information that can be remembered in STM, children will develop strategies that will help transfer information into LTM and finally they will also have greater world knowledge; which means a greater context allowing for the integration of new information, therefore new memories. (Meadows, 1986) There are many reasons why children show these deficits in memory.One of them is because they lack meta-cognition, basic beliefs and knowledge about memory, its dynamics, which i s fundamental for understanding how information is learned. Children clearly don’t possess this meta-cognitive awareness to monitor past experiences and performance to update resource allocation strategies. (Castel, Humphreys, Lee, Balota and McCabe, 2011) This previous paragraphs were to convey the fact that children do have distinct abilities compared to adults, this tells us that their recall for witnessed events might lack in accuracy.When we ask a child to give testimony for witnessing an event we are asking them to access their autobiographical memory, which includes a sketchy version of personal memories and experiences, diluted from all unnecessary details. This type of memory is highly subject to biases in attempting to maintain continuity and it often doesn’t follow the temporal frame. Can children accurately recall events that they experience in the past accurately or do they often develop false memories of events that never took place? Some studies show tha t children as young as 5 can remember events quite well even after a period of delay preceding recall. Flin, Boon, Knox and Bull (1992) gave children a talk on how to keep their feet clean, while the talk was happening an assistant staged tripping over and knocking over a side carousel. Recall was taken the day after the talk and 5 months later, similar to court proceedings. There was no relation found between age and amount of information recalled the following day, children age 6 recalled 17/ 26 items and adults recalled 18/26 items. However Flinn et al found that 5 months later 6 yr olds recall had decreased by 40 %.This study shows that children can remember quite well, however those memories are not fully stored in LTM . This event however isn’t a real life event neither is it of distressing nature like most events children are called to testify for in court cases. This could justify the high recall even for the younger children. Research by Goodman, Hirschman, Hepps and Rudy (1991); Peterson and Whalen (2001) and many more agree that children can actually remember stressful events very well and without doubt sexual abuse of any kind is a stressful enough situation which victims should remember well.Children can give accurate testimony following sexual victimisation, supported by evidence from allegations and high rate of omission errors instead of reporting unsupported events, (Birdrose & Goodman, 2000) More interestingly research has shown that children can easily develop false memories, known as memories of events that never took place (Loftus, 2004). A good example was -the Mc Martin trial . In this controversial trial a school teacher was accused of ritually abusing children.The charges against the teacher were eventually dropped, as some of the children recalled very ambiguous events, such as being taken on an helicopter to a far away farm to witness a horse while it was beaten. It is believed that they were suggestively interviewed and then developed enough details to make these become real memories. (Schreiber et al, 2006). Prevalence information can strongly influence children’s recall, it seems that children start by considering whether the event is plausible, then proceed to develop thoughts and images about the events, which at that point become mistaken for real memories.In an experiment Otgaar, Candel, Merckelbach and Wade (2009) exposed children age 7-8 and age 11-12 to a description of a real past experience and also that of a false past experience. The real experience was the child’s first day at school; the false one was a description of being abducted by an UFO, prevalence was given by giving them an article about the commonality of UFO abductions. The results showed that children again remembered accurately the real event, this is consistent with (Flin et al, 1992. ; some even were convinced they had been abducted, some even reported things not present in the story; such as being transported by a beam of blue light, clearly indicating formation of a false memory. 70% of younger children remembered being abducted. We cannot totally conclude that children’s memory for bizarre events is always false; however we can say that they can easily develop false memories for implausible events, this is more noticeable in younger child This still isn’t sufficient to answer the question of the reliability of a 5 yr old accusing an adult of abuse.Research suggests that children place an important emphasis on script like representations, basically representations of how events are connected in a stereotypical way, based on prior knowledge of everyday activities, they may use this scripts to fill in details of events even when they are not part of the story, ( Mc Shane 1991). When a child is required to provide eye-witness accounts of what happened during an episode, even when it’s not as severe as sexual abuse, they need to be able to separate that instance from th at in which they are questioned, things they have maybe seen and when they had spoken about it for the first time. Lloyd, Doydum and Newcombe, 2009), psychologist fear they are unable to do this. There is a great influence of prior knowledge on free recall, cued recall, recognition memory and source memory; sometimes children may rely on gist to make conclusions. Odegard, Cooper, Lampinen, Reyna and Brainard (2009) carried out an experiment where children attended 4 thematic birthday parties of fictional characters and were later interviewed regarding the events that took place, some which were generic and some which were specific to the theme of the party.When interviewed using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) protocol, older children did better than the younger ones at providing both thematic and generic events for the parties, this could be explained by the fact that they possess knowledge of the script of parties and they used this to reconstr uct what happened; however this also led them to make more thematic source errors. It was also found that 45% of 5-6 year olds reported events that didn’t happen or mixed them up between the parties they attended.This is consistent with the previous study in that younger children made more mistakes; Nonetheless this cannot tell us how can a five year old wrongly accuse someone of something they have never heard of or even seen, they don’t posses schemas for these neither do they know whether it’s good or bad. Or how can they develop a false memory of an act of sexual abuse unless they had experienced it. Leander, Christianson and Granhag (2007) examined the eyewitness of 8 children between the ages of 3-10, who had been sexually abused by an unfamiliar perpetrator who was the same in all cases.They focused on the amount and type of information remembered and denial of the assault. The documentation of children’s testimony was found to be consistent with t he confession of the perpetrator, picture evidence, medical examination and police evidence. They found that most children reported things that preceded the abuse and that only 21. 5% of what they reported was of the sexual act, the remaining was neutral information. They youngest child age 3 didn’t say much about both post and pre-abuse factors and only mentioned one fact of sexual nature.The rate of denial and reluctance to report the act was high especially amongst younger children. In this case it was easier to believe that the abuse occurred because there were multiple victims, and enough evidence to give credibility to the children’s testimony. We can imagine that a five year old would not come to an adult saying’ I have been sexually abused’, they probably never eared those terms neither do they know the meaning. This is to say that testimony of abused children may be disconnected often not including any sexual facts, but we shouldn’t be too quick to discard it.Hershkowits and Lanes (2007) found that younger children who don’t understand the concept of abuse are better able to disclose information as they are unlikely to have feelings of guilt and don’t understand the severity of abuse in society. Over the years there has been extensive work on interviewing techniques, Psychologists have developed interviewing techniques to effectively extrapolate information from children, therefore interviewing the child can reveal whether testimony is true or false. Children’s description of real events differs from that of false events.In Hershkowitz (1999) children describing events that really happened provided longer and richer responses to open-ended prompts rather than focused ones. Children who are providing implausible accounts tend to rely of the suggestions of the interviewer and elaborate on them. The study also showed that younger children were more likely to recall implausible false events compared to older ones, so maybe false memories are not only created on the basis of event plausibility; perhaps if a 5 year old was giving a false account of abuse they would exhibit such characteristics.Holcomb and Jacquin (2007) mock sexual abuse trial revealed that the defendant was more likely to be found guilty when a by stander witness was present, unlike when a victim-witness was present; however jurors were more likely to believe young children. Research also shows that children find it difficult to discuss having been sexually abused; many will go through phases of secrecy, helplessness and retraction (Summit, 1983). If a child manages to disclose it, we should assume that there should be a degree of truthfulness if not why go through with it.Sometimes their testimony is characterised by retractions, which throw investigations into chaos and have two meanings: repairing a false allegation or preventing the consequences when it’s true. In a recent court trial Steven Barker, t he step father of Peter Connelly also known a ‘Baby P’ was accused of sexually abusing his 2 yr old sister. The girl disclosed this information to her step mother at the age of 4, the delay might suggest that some details of the could be omitted.The child was subject to very hard questioning and although the jury were divided due to her denial of the act on several accounts, it was proven that she was a victim. Coming to a conclusion isn’t as easy as it could seem and this gives just a brief insight to what jurors are often faced with in court trials that involve young victims of sexual abuse. The most important thing is that the ability to remember of a five yr old should never be taken for granted especially for something as severe as sexual abuse.The evidence shows that can remember stressful events, even with delay, but majority don’t report sexual details, are prone to suggestibility, and can develop false memories. None the less it’s very impr obable that a child, who has never seen nor eared of sexual abuse and hasn’t been fed with the wrong information by parents or even through suggestive interview would confess of having been a victim of sexual abuse. It is better to acknowledge children’s testimony and weight up the evidence. REFERENCES Bidrose, S. & Goodman, G. S. (2000).Testimony and evidence: A scientific case study of memory for child sexual abuse. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14,  197-213. Castel, A. D. , Humphreys, K. L. , Lee, S. S. , Galvan, A. , Balota, D. A. , & McCabe, D. P. (2011). The development of memory efficiency and value-directed remembering across the life span: A cross-sectional study of memory and selectivity. Developmental Psychology,  47(6), 1553-1564. Flin, R, Boon, J. , Knox, A. And Bull, r. (1992) The effect of a five month delay on children’s and adults, eyewitness memory.British Journal of Psychology, 83 Goodman, G. S. , Hirschman, J. E. , Hepps, D. H. , &Rudy, L . (1991). Children’s memory for stressful l events. Merril Palmer Quarterly, 37, 109–158. Hershkowitz, I. , Lanes, O. , & Lamb, M. E. (2007). Exploring the disclosure of child sexual abuse with alleged victims and their parents. Child Abuse & Neglect,  31(2), 111-123. Hershkowitz, I. (1999). The dynamics of interviews involving plausible and implausible allegations of child sexual abuse. Applied Developmental Science,  3(2), 86-91. Holcomb, M.J. , & Jacquin, K. M. (2007). Juror perceptions of child eyewitness testimony in a sexual abuse trial. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse,  16(2), 79-95. Loftus, E. F. (2004). Memories of things unseen. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13,145–147. Lloyd, M. E. , Doydum, A. O. , & Newcombe, N. S. (2009). Memory binding in early childhood: Evidence for a retrieval deficit. Child Development,  80(5), 1321-1328. Leander, L. , Christianson, S. , & Granhag, P. (2007). A sexual abuse case study children's memories a nd reports.Psychiatry, Psychology And Law,  14(1), 120-129. Meadows, S. (1986). Understanding Child Development. London: Century Hutchinson Ltd. McShane, J. (1991). Cognitive development: . An information processing approach. Cambridge, MA, US: Basil Bruckwell. Otgaar, H. , Candel, I. , Merckelbach, H. , ; Wade, K. A. (2009). Abducted by a UFO: Prevalence information affects young children's false memories for an implausible event. Applied Cognitive Psychology,  23(1), 115-125. Odegard, T. N. , Cooper, C. M. , Lampinen, J. M. , Reyna, V. F. , & Brainerd, C. J. (2009).Children's eyewitness memory for multiple real-life events. Child Development,  80(6), 1877-1890. R. C. Summitt,† The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome†, Child abuse and Neglect, Vol 7, 2, P. 177-193. Schreiber, N. , Bellah, L. D. , Martinez, Y. , McLaurin, K. A. , Strok, R. , Garven, S. , et al. (2006). Suggestive interviewing in the McMartin Preschool and Kelly Michaels daycare abuse cases: c ase study. Social Influence, 1, 16–47. Tully, B. (2002). The evaluation of retractions in sexual abuse cases. Child Abuse Review,  11(2), 94-102. doi:10. 1002/car. 728

Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Essay

Senator Sam Foley dies and the governor of a western state Huburt â€Å"Happy† Hopper has to pick a replacement for deceased Senator. Jim Taylor Happy’s political boss tries to pressure him into to selecting one of his corrupt personnel. The popular committee wanted a reformer Henry Hill but the corrupt Jim Taylor was not going to allow that to happen. In the meantime Happy Hopper is struggling on who to select as Senator. While the governor is at dinner with his family his children start heckling him about who to pick as senator the children want him to choose Jefferson Smith the head of the Boy Rangers. Happy is unable to make a decision between Jim Taylor’s corrupt guy and Henry Hill so he decides to flip a coin. When the coin lands on the side next to the newspaper and the front of the newspaper has Jefferson Smith on the front page. So Happy decides to make Jefferson Smith when Jim Taylor hears the news on who Happy Hopper is making senator he is livid but Happy reassures Mr. Taylor that Smith will be very easy to manipulate and at the same time make the people happy. This is when Senator Joseph Payne steps in and also reassures Taylor that the corrupt bill that they are trying to pass while not be notice by Mr. Smith. Senator Payne then takes Jefferson Smith under his advisory and tries to make sure Mr. Smith will stay out of the way. When they arrive to the train station in Washington Mr. Smith meets Senator Payne’s daughter and is immediately attracted to her. When Mr. Smith finally makes it to his office the Washington press tricks him into saying things and quickly take advantage of him making him look like a fool on the front page. Senator Payne suggests that Mr. Smith makes a bill to keep him out of the way of catching on to the corrupt Dam Bill that they are trying to get through the house. Mr. Smith thinks it’s a great idea and wants to pass a bill for a boy’s camp so he gets with his secretary Clarissa Saunders who has been in Washington for a long time and is just waiting for a big bonus once the Dam Bill is passed. Mr. Smith creates a bill to get the government to buy land in his home state for a National Boy’s Camp that will be paid back by each  young boy that attends the camp will have to pay a nickel. This is when Senator Payne and Jim Taylor realize that where Mr. Smith plans on putting the Boy’s Camp is on the same land that they plan on building the Dam. Clarissa Saunders has a change in heart because she know Mr. Smith is an honest man that wants to make a difference and tells him about Senator Payne and Jim Taylor’s plan about the Dam. Unwilling to corrupt Mr. Smith, Payne tells Jim Taylor he wants out but Taylor makes sure that Payne knows the only reason he is Senator is because of him. This is when Senator Payne brings forth to the house evidence that is not true that Mr. Smith owns the land he is trying to get the government to buy for the Boy’s Camp. This is when Clarissa Saunders decides to help Mr. Smith and tells him to do a filibuster to postpone the bill that Jim Taylor wants passed. They were going to vote him out but they were unable to with filibuster. It was Smiths last chance to prove his innocence he talks nonstop for about 24 hours trying to convince every one of the real motives of the Dam Bill. When Mr. Smith has no more hope and is about to give up he says a few thing to Senator Payne which makes him feel extremely guilty and leaves the Senate Chamber to try to commit suicide but isn’t successful and this is when he runs back into the Senate Chamber and confesses everything that hi m and Mr. Taylor were planning on doing Payne confirms Smith’s incorruptibility, and bellows that Smith was right about everything. Mr. Smith faced a lot of problems his short time as a Senator one of the problems that he faced was the Dam Bill and how Senator Payne and Mr. Taylor wanted him to just let it pass through congress even though he knew that it was corrupt. He wasn’t going to lower himself into being paid off or even a position as Senator for a very long to cloud his moral beliefs. He was an honest man and stood up for what he believed in even though it almost destroyed his name and kicked out of congress. A lot of members of congress should be more like Mr. Smith and not so easily persuaded. Member of congress face issues like this not to that extant but some of them are easily persuaded by other things like campaign money for someone in particular or even knowing that a certain person might help their bill get  passed faster. Another issue Mr. Smith faced was how the Washington press took everything he said and turned it around on him to make him look like a fool. Even though he was very naà ¯ve and didn’t know a lot about what he was doing as a senator. They were asking him question about what he wanted to do while he was Senator and then put it on the front page of the newspaper and made it look like he was something that he definitely wasn’t. People in congress have the same problem they have to be very careful about what they do and what they say because the press is always on them. One little mistake could get them in a lot of trouble. Just because they have good intention doesn’t mean that’s what the press will let the public believe. In the public’s eye it can look like you are doing everything wrong just because of one thing that is in the newspaper. Members of congress could avoid certain obstacles by making sure that when they are selected into congress they have a clear view of what and how they want to accomplish when they are there. They must know what they are willing to do to get things done correctly and by not being corrupt to get what they are trying to achieve. Morals and being honest would be the way I would good you must have good morals and honesty is everything. A man or woman’s word is one of the strongest and most influential things they can give to someone. In this paper I gave a brief summary on what the movie Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was about and the characters that were in it. The issues he had to face while being selected as Senator and what he was going to do about being corrupt or being an honest man that stood up for what he believed in. He had a lot of obstacles he had to face to clear his name and almost gave up but when it got tough the truth came out and he his name was cleared. I also talked about what issues the members of congress face in today’s world and compared and contrast it with what Mr. Smith had to deal with in the movie and what ways we could fix the obstacles that they face. In this paper I gave a clear summary of the plot of the movie and why it is not easy to be a Senator and how to be more than just a someone who sits in the Senate Chamber.

Scholary vs Popular Media Focus on Sexuality Paper

It’s a Quick Way to Get What You Want†: A Formative Exportation of HIV Risk Among Urban Massachusetts Men Who Have Sex with Men(MSM) Who Attend Sex Parties was an article retrieved from the AIDS Patient Care and STD Journal it was published in October of 2010. The authors of this article are Matthew J. Mimiaga, Sari L. Reisner, Sean Bland, Kevin Cranston, Deborah Isenberg, Maura A. Driscoll, Rodney VanDerwarker, and Kenneth Mayer. The main focus of the research was to investigate the HIV sexual risk behaviors of MSM who reported attending and/or hosting sex parties in Massachusetts in the past 12 months. Men who have sex with men at these sex parties are at greater risk of receiving HIV or an STI due to the fact there are other factors involved like alcohol, drugs, higher mean of anonymous partners, and unprotected sex(Migiaga, 2010). This study took place at the Fenway Health a health care and research facility. There were 40 preselected participants who completed an in depth, semi structured qualitative interview and an interviewer-administered comprehensive quantitative assessment series for a hour and a half. The study/interviews were conducted by one of two trained interviewers. That asked questions like†¦ How would you define a sex party? When did you begin hosting/attending sex parties? Describe the sex parties you attended/hosted? Are condoms and lube available at these parties? What kind of sexual behaviors do men engage in and what HIV and STI risk behavior do you see happening? Do you participate or organize these parties? Any rules involved in your parties? While asking these questions they also assessed psychosocial factors like depression, anxiety, problematic alcohol used and history of drug or alcohol abuse, and the trauma history (like childhood sexual abuse). Results/conclusion of the study suggested that the men who attended these parties are at great risk of acquiring or transmitting the HIV due to the reasons explained throughout the article(Migiaga, 2010). â€Å"Party, Play—And Pay† was an article recovered from the Newsweek Journal that was published in February of 2005. This article gives a very detailed brief account of what a sex party full of men on crystal meth is like other wise known as â€Å"Party and Play†, or PnP for short. The authors describe the sex party scene as a room full of about 30 to 40 men paying 20 dollars a piece to the host of this party, they put all their belongs in hefty bags for safe keeping while they walk around in the nude having sex with multiple partners unprotected and using illegal drugs. The authors mention several factors that were putting these men at risk such as drug usage, multiple partners, and unprotected sex. They talk about how one person on meth and having hundreds of unsafe sexual encounters could have been the result in a powerful drug-resistant strain of HIV. Leaving health officials and the community leaders to take a long look on how crystal methamphetamine is playing an enormous role in the spread of the AIDS Virus and HIV(Jefferson, Breslau, Darmen, Childress, & Juarez, 2005). The authors depict how crystal meth leaves its users with a euphoric and hypersexual feeling, leading in binges with multiple partners for several days. In the article, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, men that are high on crystal meth are four times more likely to engage in unprotected sex than those who are not high. The article also reveals that many men pop Viagra to counter temporary impotence. This mix of drugs makes users more open to unsafe sex, thus leading to a greater risk of contracting HIV. They concluded the article with an interview on someone who has lived the life of the â€Å"Party, Play—And Pay† and how they lost everything!  Both of these articles are referring to the great epidemic that is infecting the gay community-HIV. They talk about how behaviors like attendance of private sex parties, drug usage, sex with multiple partners, and use of unprotected sex are assisting in the growth of HIV amongst the gay community. Even though these articles are providing a lot of the same information, they are very different. The scholarly article compared to the public media article is a lot more in depth and have factual numbers that were taken from the direct study. The authors of a scholarly article seem to leave â€Å"no stone unturned† and no question unasked. The scholarly article encompasses an abstract-giving a description on the whole study which then leads to the introduction, methods used for example the design and the setting where the study took place and they how data was collected, how the candidates were chosen to participate. It also discussed how the qualitative interview was preformed and they questions that were asked, the article gave a quantitative assessment and the approach that was taken to retrieve the information, thus ending in results, conclusion and the discussion. The scholarly article provided information, numbers, percentages, and averages about the demographics, sexual behavior, and psychosocial characteristics of the men who were interviewed and surveyed in this study. It is written in a very formal tone, in great detail, displayed the authors’ findings to be displayed for other experts and students in a specific field to study and review. All of the authors who wrote on the scholarly were experts with degrees. Most of the scholarly articles found consisted of more then just one or two pages and they have specific guidelines. The authors cite their sources though out the article and they also include a list of references at the very end. Graphs and data were included. Once the study is completed and the article is written it goes through a â€Å"rigorous† peer review process (Unknown, 2009). The public media article gave an informal tone (Unknown, 2009) to the whole â€Å"HIV, drugs, gay men, and sex parties. They used information, facts, numbers, and percentages from different sources like the â€Å"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention† and other various resources instead of conducting their own control study, survey, or interviews researched amongst a trained research team. Scholarly and popular media both provide a great amount of information, just presented differently. Scholarly articles seem to provide you with a more intellectual approach(Unknown , 2009) to the topic or what you are trying to learn and can be used perfectly in an academic environment, but unlike the popular media article its just numbers, demographics, facts taken from a research and its subjects. It lacks the real stories and visual pictures of human beings and how they are being affected by this epidemic. Talking about how some people lost their jobs, homes, family, and life to the life-style that lead them to AIDS or HIV, as a result hitting a little closer to home and how it’s affecting today’s gay community and what they are doing to counter act these behaviors. Professors like to advertise scholarly and peer reviewed articles simply because it is an array of factual information written by the subject matter experts in a very formative way. Sex is something that is not formally studied often and that’s why people have many different perceptions of what sex is really like. Sometimes these perceptions can lead to a lot of misleading information. Sex can be common to some but not so common to others due to the fact there are many aspects to sex like bisexuality, homosexuality, and heterosexuality. No one knows it all when it comes to sex and this is why you should leave it to the experts. This is perhaps why scholarly articles are preferred and â€Å"hyped up† by professors. Scholarly and public media articles can be very reliable depending on the source and their credentials. Conducting this review of the differences of a scholarly/peer reviewed article and the public media had shown me the pros and cons to both types of articles. If you are looking for an article that is reliable academically and that has been reviewed by many of subject experts-scholarly articles are what you’re looking for. If you are looking for informal information with very little statistics but reliable information on the subject matter you can read a public media article. In conclusion, if you really want to know more about the subject, look up both the scholarly and in public media articles just to gather a wide assortment of information from different variable resources.

Lebanese Delight

A Lebanese Delight Silent Thesis: Today I am going to inform you about a Middle Eastern side dish called Tabouli or Tabouleh. I. Introduction A. Have you ever stumbled on the Lebanese cuisine more specifically on their various types of food? 1. I’m sure all of you have had a taste of a Middle Eastern dish one point in your life, whether you knew it or not. 2. Just look for a whole table, breakfast, lunch, and dinner, filled with a feast and that is a Middle Eastern tradition except followed everyday. . When I was younger and even until this day I am faced with Middle Eastern hospitality of getting food constantly shoved in my face, but this is how I was introduced to my favorite salad, Tabouleh. b. No matter how hard you try to resist these full course meals, Middle Eastern women are stubborn and would not allow you to leave their house without the proper intake of their food, and I’m talking non-stop service. B. Being Lebanese I am constantly surrounded by the food and culture but whose to argue. C.Today I am going to talk to you about a specific side dish called Taboulie or Tabouleh. 1. First, I will tell you the history of where Tabouleh originated from to get a feel of the eating style in the region of the Lebanese cuisine. 2. Then, I will tell you what Tabouleh is considered to be in the Lebanese Culture. 3. Lastly, I will tell you what Tabouleh consists of. D. I will begin by telling you about the Lebanese Cuisine. II. The Lebanese cuisine is extremely rich in flavors and colors and yet often offers recipes easy to prepare and suitable for a healthy diet. A.According to the book The Complete Middle Eastern Cookbook written in the year 2000 by Tess Mallos, an author and consultant to advertising companies, she states, foreign influences have been felt widely in the area, of Beirut. 1. Lebanon has been ruled by foreign powers and as a result they have influenced the types of food the Lebanese ate. 2. According to the book Mediterranean Cooking written by Andrea Chesman in 2005 she writes, â€Å"Middle Eastern cooking is based in the peasant traditions of the farmers and nomadic peoples who have inhabited the region for thousands of years. a. It’s ancient cuisine and many of the same dishes described in Egyptian texts and in the Bible are still eaten in the Middle East today. b. Its influence was spread all around the Mediterranean. B. The food of the entire Mediterranean region is considered to be a celebration of life. 1. It is fresh, flavorful, and diverse and the cuisine of Lebanon is, as a whole, the Mediterranean diet. a. It includes starches, fruits, vegetables, fresh fish and seafood. b. Red meat is eaten less often than poultry, and usually the only red meat is lamb. . Along with the Lebanese cuisines’ flavors, comes a large amount of garlic and olive oil. a. Joe George a chef and culinary educator writes in his article titled Ethnic Cuisine: Lebanon in 2001, that these two ingredients, olive oil a nd garlic, are an essential part in Lebanon and usually a typical meal consists of them. b. Sanaa Abourezk, an author and chef writes in her book titled Secrets of Healthy Middle Eastern Cuisine in 2005 that other than in a few deserts, butter or cream is rarely used and is replaced by olive oil. C.The cuisine of Lebanon focuses on herbs, spices and the freshness of ingredients, the combinations of the dishes are almost limitless. 1. In her book, Tess Mallos writes about the ingredients used for Arabic cooking. 2. It is almost essential that every Arabic or Middle Eastern household stock up on fine and coarse burghul, Tahini, dried beans, chick peas, dried mint and a spice mix called za’tar. 3. Anissa Helou in her book written in 1994 titled Lebanese Cuisine, she mentions that finding fresh vegetables and fruits would be common and is essential diet in the Lebanese Cuisine. D.Now that you have learned about the history of the Lebanese Cuisine, I am going to inform you of what Tabouleh is considered to be in the Lebanese Culture. III. To understand the various types of food you must also understand the Middle Eastern hospitality and when different dishes are served. A. Tess Mallos writes in her cookbook that Middle Eastern hospitality is frequently expressed with the offering of mezze. 1. Mezze is an array of small dishes which portray different colors, flavors, textures, and aromas, basically they are appetizers, and are only limited by the availability of ingredients and the ability of the cook to prepare them. . These various types of appetizers can be cooked on a minutes notice so it can be very quickly but efficiently. b. Mezze may be as simple as pickled vegetables, hummus, bread, Baba Ghannouj, lebneh, Tabouleh, or it can become an entire meal consisting of grilled marinated seafood, skewered meats and a variety of cooked and raw salads. 2. These appetizers can be refrigerated, frozen, and later when entertaining guests, defrosted. 3. Almost all t ypes of mezze are served with the Arabic flat bread also known as pita bread, which is basically a replacement for a fork.B. Tabouleh is one of the most common types of zesty salad appetizers in the Lebanese culture. D. Now that you have learned about the history of the Lebanese Cuisine as well as what it’s considered to be in the Lebanese culture, I am going to inform you of a specific dish called Tabouleh. IV. According to Claudia Roden, a food writer, she writes in her book titled The New Book of Middle Eastern Food in 2000 that Tabbouleh has been around for about 4,000 years. A.Tabbouleh is a Middle Eastern salad thought to have originated in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon in the mountain region of Zahle. 1. Tabouleh was one of the local mountain-village foods offered in the cafes and spread far and wide. a. According to Claudia Roden, it started as a â€Å"relatively substantial salad that was rich with Bulgur but was transformed later into an all-green herby affair. † b. Bulgur is basically cracked wheat, that has been boiled and dried, then ground, and it is the basis of many salads in the Middle East, Tabouleh has become one of the famous ones. . Tabouleh’s primary ingredients are burghul, finely chopped parsley, mint, tomato, scallion and other herbs with lemon juice, olive oil and various seasonings. 3. In the hometown Tabouleh is traditionally served with a lettuce leaf, but in the United States it’s eaten with pita bread as a dip. B. Tabouleh is considered to be one of the main salads one will find at every table of a Lebanese family. V. Conclusion. A. The Lebanese Cuisine can be more complicated than one can assume. 1. One simple dish can have a bigger background to it, a deeper origin. 2.I am sure all of you have tried a Middle Eastern dish one point in your life. B. If you have not, well today you have learned what to look for when you come across a Lebanese dish, and what the origin of Tabouleh is. C. We learned three t hings. 1. First, we learned about the history of where Tabouleh originated from and the Lebanese Cuisine. 2. Second, we learned what Tabouleh is considered to be in the Lebanese culture. 3. Lastly, we learned about what Tabouleh consists of. D. The next time you come across a Lebanese dish, more specifically a salad, you now know what to look for.